TIPS FOR DEVELOPING ARGUMENTATIVE SPEECHES

1. PLACE YOUR STRONGEST ARGUMENTS FIRST AT LAST- THIS STRATEGY TAKES ADVANTAGES OF THE PRIMACY-RECENCY EFFECTS.ARGUMENTS PRESENTED FIRST SET THE AGENDA FOR WHAT IS TO FOLLOW,THEREBY HEIGHTENING THE CREDIBILITY OF THE ARGUER.WE ALSO KNOW THAT LISTENERS TEND TO RETAIN THE MOST RECENTLY PRESENTED IDEA,SO YOU MIGHT PUT YOUR STRONGEST ARGUMENTS AT THE END OF YOUR SPEECH SO THAT THE LISTENERS WILL REMEMBERS YOUR BEST SHOT. DECIDE WHICH POSITION WILL BEST HELP YOU WITH PARTICULAR AUDIENCE YOU FACE,AND THEN PLACE YOUR BEST SHOT THERE.
2. VARY YOUR EVIDENCE- DIFFERENT LISTENERS ARE LIKELY TO PREFER DIFFERENT KINDS OF EVIDENCE,AND MOST LISTENERS WANT SUPPORTING MATERIALS THAT ARE BOTH LOGICALLY RELEVANT AND PSYCHOLOGICALLY MOTIVATING.
3. AVOID PERSONAL ATTACKS ON OPPONENTS- MAINTAIN ARGUMENTS ON AN APPROPRIATE INTELLECTUAL LEVEL.THIS TACTIC ENHANCES YOUR CREDIBILITY.IF YOU CAN ARGUE WELL WITHOUT BECOMING VICIOUS,YOU'LL LEARN THE RESPECT_AND PERHAPS THE AGREEMENT OF YOUR LISTENERS;MOST OF YOU MUST BE AWARE THAT THE MORE SOMEONE SCREAMS,THE WEAKER HIS OR HER ARGUMENTS ARE.
4. KNOW THE POTENTIAL ARGUMENTS OF YOUR OPPONENTS- THE BEST ADVOCATES KNOW THEIR OPPONENT'S ARGUMENTS AND WAYS OF RESPONDING TO THEM AHEAD OF TIME.HAVING THOUGHT THROUGH OPPOSING POSITIONS EARLY ALLOWS YOU TO PREPARE A RESPONSE AND FEEL CONFIDENT ABOUT YOUR OWN POSITION.
5. PRACTICE CONSTRUCTING LOGICAL ARGUMENTS AND DETECTING FALLACIOUS ONES- ULTIMATELY,SUCCESSFUL ARGUMENT DEMANDS SKILL IN PERFORMING THE TECHNIQUES OF PUBLIC REASONING.YOU NEED TO PRACTICE ROUTINELY CONSTRUCTING ARGUMENTS WITH SOLID RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN AND AMONG CLAIMS,EVIDENCE AND REASONING PATTERNS;AND YOU NEED TO PRACTICE REGULARLY DETECTING THE FALLACIES IN OTHER PEOPLE'S PROPOSALS.CRITICALLY EXAMINE PRODUCT ADVERTISEMENTS AND ARGUMENTS THAT YOUR NEIGHBORS MAKE IN ORDER TO IMPROVE YOUR COMMUNICATION SKILLS_AS BOTH A SENDER AND A RECEIVER OF ARGUMENTATIVE MESSAGES